Paulownia

Paulowniaceae spp

General info

A hardwood tree species encompassing 17 species native to China and East Asia. Noted as one of the fastest growing trees in the world, it is unsurprising that its potential as a bioenergy crop is of interest.

Wild type species tend to utilise the C4 photosynthetic enzyme cycle being a key element towards their ability to gain biomass quickly, however, many more modern hybrids employed utilise the C3 enzyme cycle. It produces a lightweight but strong timber which has been heavily used by Japanese craftsmen for decades for the construction of furniture and instruments. Paulownia leaves and flowers are also known to be good sources of fat and sugar for fodder, and nitrogen for green manure usage, suggesting potential roles in agroforestry incorporation strategies.

Cultivation and agronomy

Species require permeable soil and don’t tolerate strongly acidic soils (pH 5 – 8.9) being optimum and tend to grow best in temperatures between 15 – 16 °C though they have a range of tolerance between -25 and 47 °C depending on the species. In a growth review of this species in Europe, different species and hybrids demonstrated highly variable yields and wood qualities.

Yields in the second year of cultivation studies ranged from as low as 1.5 oven dried tonnes ha^-1 y^-1 to as much as 14 oven dried tonnes ha^-1 y^-1. Despite showing approximately equivalent energy profiles to both willow and poplar (~19 Mj kg^-1), there is debate over the quality of fuel pellets produced due to low density of woods and potential requirements for processes, such as biomass torrefaction to produce better fuel quality results.

Paulowniaceae spp. are at risk during juvenile growth, due to the very large leaf size and lack of sufficiently woody stems early on. Plantations of these tree species are susceptible to being destroyed by high winds causing mechanical damage if windbreaks and protection are not put in place. Paulowniaceae spp. have shown comparable short rotation coppice results to willow in certain studies but could also have potential as a short rotation forestry consideration crop.

It has been noted that over just three growing seasons P. elongata varieties could achieve 92 kg/tree and in plantation strategies using 2000 trees per hectare, 150 – 300 tonnes y­^-1 was produced 5 – 7 years after planting.